第五章:系統(tǒng)服務(wù)-創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)

第五章:系統(tǒng)服務(wù)

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1.服務(wù)目錄

在之前的Redhat Linux5.x&6.x的系統(tǒng)中,我們知道,系統(tǒng)的服務(wù)都是存放在/etc/init.d這個(gè)目錄中的,但是在RHEL7.x的系統(tǒng)中,已經(jīng)發(fā)生了改變,如下:

------------------------------------------查看RHEL7之前的系統(tǒng)服務(wù)路徑------------------------------

[root@ freeit ~]# cd /etc/init.d/

[root@ freeit init.d]# ls

abrt-ccpp        iscsi          restorecond

abrtd            iscsid         rhnsd

abrt-oops        kdump          rhsmcertd

acpid            killall        rngd

atd              libvirt-guests rpcbind

auditd           lldpad         rpcgssd

autofs           lvm2-lvmetad   rpcidmapd

blk-availability lvm2-monitor   rpcsvcgssd

bluetooth        mdmonitor      rsyslog

certmonger       messagebus     sandbox

cgconfig         multipathd     saslauthd

cgred            mysqld         single

cpuspeed         named          smartd

crond            netconsole     snmpd

cups             netfs          snmptrapd

dhcpd            network        spice-vdagentd

dhcpd6           NetworkManager sshd

dhcrelay         nfs            sssd

dnsmasq          nfslock        sysstat

fcoe             ntpd           udev-post

firstboot        ntpdate        vmware-tools

functions        oddjobd        vmware-tools-thinprint

haldaemon        openct         vncserver

halt             pcscd          wdaemon

htcacheclean     portreserve    winbind

httpd            postfix        wpa_supplicant

ip6tables        psacct         xinetd

iptables         quota_nld      ypbind

irqbalance       rdisc

-----------------------------------------查看RHEL7的/etc/init.d/目錄----------------------------------

[root@ freeit tmp]# cd /etc/init.d/

[root@ freeit init.d]# ls

functions  iprinit   netconsole README

iprdump    iprupdate network    rhnsd

//如上,此目錄不再是系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的所在路徑,所以,重啟服務(wù)也不能使用/etc/init.d servername  restart來啟動(dòng)

2.服務(wù)下次啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)

在RHEL7.x之前的系統(tǒng)中,使用命令chkconfig –list即可查看所有服務(wù)的下次啟動(dòng)狀態(tài),但是在RHEL7中,此命令已不可用

[root@ freeit ~]# chkconfig --list

Note: This output shows SysV services  only and does not include native

      systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by  native

      systemd configuration.

      If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.

      To see services enabled on particular target use

      'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.

iprdump        0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

iprinit        0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

iprupdate      0:off   1:off  2:on   3:on    4:on   5:on   6:off

netconsole     0:off   1:off  2:off  3:off   4:off  5:off  6:off

network        0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

rhnsd          0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

//此命令列出的只是一些基本的服務(wù)。要想查看所有的,根據(jù)提示命令查看(加粗字體)

---------------------------------------------systemctl list-unit-files---------------------------------------------

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl  list-unit-files

UNIT FILE                                  STATE

proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount          static

dev-hugepages.mount                        static

dev-mqueue.mount                           static

proc-fs-nfsd.mount                         static

proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount              static

sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount              static

sys-kernel-config.mount                    static

sys-kernel-debug.mount                     static

tmp.mount                                  disabled

var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount               static

brandbot.path                              disabled

cups.path                                  enabled

systemd-ask-password-console.path          static

systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path         static

………………………..

3.系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行級(jí)別

RHEL7中,系統(tǒng)的運(yùn)行級(jí)別已沒有0-6之說。運(yùn)行級(jí)別的inittab文件也不再包含0-6級(jí)別的說明。如下:

[root@ freeit ~]# vim /etc/inittab

# inittab is no longer used when using  systemd.

#

# ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO  EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.

#

# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by  /etc/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.targe

t

#

# systemd uses 'targets' instead of  runlevels. By default, there are t

wo main targets:

#

#  multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3

//相當(dāng)于運(yùn)行級(jí)別3,命令行界面

#  graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5

//相當(dāng)于運(yùn)行級(jí)別5,圖形化界面

#

# To set a default target, run:

#

# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/<target  name>.target /etc/systemd/system/

default.target

#

查看系統(tǒng)缺省運(yùn)行級(jí)別

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl get-default

graphical.target

//默認(rèn)運(yùn)行級(jí)別為圖形化界面

設(shè)置默認(rèn)運(yùn)行級(jí)別

[root@ freeit ~]#systemctl set-default  multi-user.target

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl get-default

multi-user.target

查看設(shè)置的運(yùn)行級(jí)別的服務(wù)狀態(tài)(下次啟動(dòng)狀態(tài))

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl  list-unit-files |grep multi-user

multi-user.target                          enabled

4.服務(wù)下次啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)

我們知道,服務(wù)啟動(dòng)之后,要想下次重啟生效,RHEL7之前,要使用命令chkconfig servername on,但是在RHEL7中,已不能使用此命令。那么要如何設(shè)置,看下面的例子:

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl restart  postfix.service

//啟動(dòng)郵件服務(wù)

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

//查看郵件服務(wù)的運(yùn)行狀態(tài)

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled)

//下次啟動(dòng)為開啟

   Active: active (running) since Mon 2015-05-04 11:03:42 CST; 14s  ago

//當(dāng)前正在運(yùn)行

  Process: 4611 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/postfix stop (code=exited,  status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 4626 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/postfix  start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 4623 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/chroot-update  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 4621 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/aliasesdb  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

 Main PID: 4698 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─4698 /usr/libexec/postfix/master –w

           ├─4699 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─4700 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[4698]: daemon st...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

------------------------------------------------關(guān)閉下次開機(jī)啟動(dòng)-------------------------------------------

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl disable  postfix.service

rm  '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service'

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; disabled)

   Active: active (running) since Mon  2015-05-04 11:03:42 CST; 4min 30s ago

 Main PID: 4698 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─4698 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w

           ├─4699 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─4700 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[4698]: daemon st...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

//下次重啟生效功能關(guān)閉之后,重啟系統(tǒng),郵件服務(wù)即為關(guān)閉狀態(tài)

關(guān)閉之后重啟驗(yàn)證

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; disabled)

   Active: inactive (dead)

//沒有啟動(dòng)

重新啟動(dòng)郵件服務(wù),并設(shè)置下次開機(jī)啟動(dòng)

 [root@ freeit ~]# systemctl restart postfix

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable  postfix.service

ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service'  '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service'

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled)

   Active: active (running) since Mon 2015-05-04 11:12:14 CST; 35s  ago

 Main PID: 2994 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─2994 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w

           ├─2995 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─2996 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[2994]: daemon st...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

5.服務(wù)狀態(tài)相關(guān)命令

  • 查看當(dāng)前啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl is-active  postfix.service

Active

//當(dāng)前正在運(yùn)行

  • 關(guān)閉當(dāng)前運(yùn)行狀態(tài),再次查看

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl stop  postfix.service

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl is-active  postfix.service

inactive

  • 查看下次開機(jī)啟動(dòng)狀態(tài)

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl is-enabled  postfix.service

enabled

//下次開機(jī)為啟動(dòng)

  • 關(guān)閉下次開機(jī)啟動(dòng),并再次查看

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl disable  postfix.service

rm '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service'

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl is-enabled  postfix.service

disabled

6.鎖定服務(wù)(mask)

例1:對(duì)postfix服務(wù)執(zhí)行mask操作,然后執(zhí)行重啟操作

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl mask postfix

ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/postfix.service'

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart  postfix

Failed to issue method call: Unit  postfix.service is masked.

//重啟服務(wù)失敗

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix

postfix.service

   Loaded: masked (/dev/null)

   Active: inactive (dead)

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[2994]: daemon st...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

May 04 11:18:39 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:18:39 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

例2:解鎖服務(wù)并再次重啟

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl unmask  postfix

//解鎖

rm '/etc/systemd/system/postfix.service'

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl restart  postfix

//重啟成功

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; disabled)

   Active: active (running)since Mon 2015-05-04 11:29:36 CST; 3s  ago

  Process: 3529 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/postfix start (code=exited,  status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 3527 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/chroot-update  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 3524 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/aliasesdb  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

 Main PID: 3601 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─3601 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w

           ├─3602 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─3603 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:29:36 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[3601]: daemon st...

May 04 11:29:36 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

7.系統(tǒng)進(jìn)程

7.1.實(shí)時(shí)查看系統(tǒng)進(jìn)程

top  - 11:34:23 up 25 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

Tasks:  297 total,  4 running, 293  sleeping,  0 stopped,  0 zombie

%Cpu(s): 0.0 us,  0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.7 id, 0.0 wa,  0.0 hi, 0.3 si, 0.0 st

KiB  Mem:  1010788 total,  306908 used,  703880 free,    1080 buffers

KiB  Swap: 2097148 total,       0 used, 2097148 free.  110788 cached Mem

 PID USER     PR  NI   VIRT   RES    SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND

 3651 root     20   0 123788  1772   1148 R 0.3  0.2   0:00.03 top

    1 root     20  0   53948  7808  2548 S  0.0 0.8  0:05.08 systemd

    2 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 kthreadd

    3 root     20  0       0     0      0 R 0.0 0.0   0:00.04 ksoftirqd/0

    5 root      0 -20      0      0     0 S 0.0  0.0  0:00.00 kworker/0:0H

    7 root     rt  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 migration/0

8 root     20   0      0     0      0 S 0.0 0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh

…………………..

--------------------------------------------更詳細(xì)查看,按1-------------------------------------------------

 top - 11:35:00 up 25 min, 1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

Tasks: 297 total,  2 running, 295 sleeping,  0 stopped,  0 zombie

%Cpu0 :  0.7 us, 0.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 98.7 id, 0.0 wa,  0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem:   1010788 total,  307172  used,  703616 free,    1080 buffers

KiB Swap:  2097148 total,       0  used, 2097148 free.  110788 cached Mem

  PID USER     PR NI    VIRT   RES   SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+ COMMAND

  879 root     20  0  193424  4168  3344 S  1.0 0.4  0:02.80 vmtoolsd

 3651 root     20   0 123788  1772   1148 R 0.7 0.2   0:00.20 top

    1 root     20  0   53948  7808  2548 S  0.0 0.8  0:05.08 systemd

    2 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 kthreadd

    3 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.04 ksoftirqd/0

    5 root      0 -20      0      0     0 S 0.0  0.0  0:00.00 kworker/0:0H

    7 root     rt  0       0     0     0  S 0.0  0.0  0:00.00 migration/0

    8 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 rcu_bh

按q鍵退出進(jìn)程

  • 前5行說明:

前5行是系統(tǒng)整體的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息

  • 第一行是任務(wù)隊(duì)列信息,同uptime(查看服務(wù)器啟動(dòng)時(shí)間)命令的執(zhí)行結(jié)果。內(nèi)容如下:

  • 11:34:23:當(dāng)前時(shí)間;

  • up 1:13:系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行時(shí)間,格式為時(shí):分;

  • 1 user:當(dāng)前登錄用戶數(shù);

  • load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05:系統(tǒng)負(fù)載,即任務(wù)隊(duì)列的平均長度。三個(gè)數(shù)值分別為1分鐘、5分鐘、15分鐘前到現(xiàn)在的平均值。

  • 第二、三行為進(jìn)程和CPU的信息。當(dāng)有多個(gè)CPU時(shí),這些內(nèi)容可能會(huì)超過兩行,內(nèi)容如下:

  • Tasks: 297 total:進(jìn)程總數(shù);

  • 4 running:正在運(yùn)行的進(jìn)程數(shù);

  • 293 sleeping:睡眠的進(jìn)程數(shù);

  • 0 stopped:停止進(jìn)程數(shù);

  • 0 zombie:僵尸進(jìn)程;

  • %Cpu(s): 0.0 us:用戶空間占用CPU百分比;

  • 0.0 sy:內(nèi)核空間占用CPU百分比;

  • 0.0 ni:用戶進(jìn)程空間內(nèi)改變過優(yōu)先級(jí)的進(jìn)程占用CPU百分比;

  • 99.7 id:id空閑CPU百分比;

  • 0.0 wa:wa等待輸入輸出的CPU時(shí)間百分比

  • 0.0 hi 0.3 si, 0.0 st

  • 最后兩行為內(nèi)存信息。內(nèi)容如下:

  • KiB Mem:  1010788 total:物理內(nèi)存總量

  • 306908 used:使用的物理內(nèi)存總量;

  • 703880 free:空閑的物理內(nèi)存總量;

  • 1080 buffers:用作內(nèi)核緩存的物理內(nèi)存量;

  • KiB Swap: 2097148 total:交換區(qū)總量;

  • 0 used:使用的交換分區(qū)總量;

  • 2097148 free:空閑的交換區(qū)總量;

  • 110788 cached Mem:緩沖的交換區(qū)總量。

  • 進(jìn)程區(qū)信息說明:

  • PID:進(jìn)程ID;

  • USER:進(jìn)程所有者;

  • PR:進(jìn)程優(yōu)先級(jí);

  • NI:nice值。負(fù)值表示高優(yōu)先級(jí);正值表示低優(yōu)先級(jí);

  • VIRT:進(jìn)程使用的虛擬內(nèi)存總量,單位Kb,VITR=SWAP+RES

  • RES:進(jìn)程使用的、未被交換出的物理內(nèi)存大小,單位KB,RES=CODE+DATA

  • SHR:共享內(nèi)存大小,單位Kb;

  • S:進(jìn)程狀態(tài);

  • %CPU:上次更新到現(xiàn)在的CPU時(shí)間戰(zhàn)用百分比;

  • %MEM:進(jìn)程使用的物理內(nèi)存百分比;

  • TIME+:進(jìn)程使用的CPU時(shí)間總計(jì),單位1/100秒;

  • COMMAND:命令名/命令行

7.2.靜態(tài)查看當(dāng)前進(jìn)程狀態(tài)

[root@ freeit ~]# ps aux

USER       PID %CPU %MEM   VSZ  RSS TTY     STAT START  TIME COMMAND

root        1  0.3 0.7 53948  7808 ?       Ss  11:09   0:05 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --s

root        2  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [kthreadd]

root        3  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]

root        5  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S<  11:09   0:00 [kworker/0:0H]

root        7  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [migration/0]

root        8  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcu_bh]

root        9  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/0]

root       10  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/1]

root       11  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/2]

root       12  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/3]

………………………….

常用參數(shù):

     -a:包含所有終端的進(jìn)程

     -u:顯示進(jìn)程的擁有者

     -x:顯示不屬于任何終端的進(jìn)程

     -f:顯示進(jìn)程的父子關(guān)系

7.3.查看進(jìn)程樹

[root@ freeit ~]# pstree

systemd─┬─ModemManager───2*[{ModemManager}]

        ├─NetworkManager───2*[{NetworkManager}]

        ├─2*[abrt-watch-log]

        ├─abrtd

        ├─agetty

        ├─alsactl

        ├─atd

        ├─auditd─┬─audispd─┬─sedispatch

        │       │        └─{audispd}

        │       └─{auditd}

        ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon

        ├─bluetoothd

        ├─chronyd

        ├─crond

        ├─dbus-daemon───{dbus-daemon}

        ├─firewalld───{firewalld}

        ├─iprdump

        ├─iprinit

        ├─iprupdate

        ├─ksmtuned───sleep

        ├─libvirtd───10*[{libvirtd}]

        ├─lsmd

        ├─lvmetad

        ├─master─┬─pickup

        │       └─qmgr

        ├─packagekitd───2*[{packagekitd}]

        ├─polkitd───5*[{polkitd}]

        ├─rhsmcertd

        ├─rngd

        ├─rpc.statd

        ├─rpcbind

        ├─rsyslogd───2*[{rsyslogd}]

        ├─smartd

        ├─sshd───sshd───bash───pstree

        ├─systemd-journal

        ├─systemd-logind

        ├─systemd-udevd

        ├─tuned───4*[{tuned}]

        └─vmtoolsd

8.前臺(tái)后臺(tái)(fg&bg)

例:把/usr復(fù)制到/tmp下,由于復(fù)制時(shí)間長,調(diào)用到后臺(tái)復(fù)制。然后再調(diào)用到前臺(tái)。期間再暫停,調(diào)用到后臺(tái),最后kill掉此進(jìn)程

[root@ freeit ~]# cp -r /usr /tmp/ &

[1] 3991

//開始復(fù)制,&為后臺(tái)執(zhí)行

[root@ freeit ~]# jobs

[1]+  Running                cp -i -r  /usr /tmp/ &

//查看后臺(tái)執(zhí)行的操作

[root@ freeit ~]# fg 1

cp -i -r /usr /tmp/

//調(diào)用到前臺(tái)執(zhí)行進(jìn)程

^Z

[1]+  Stopped                cp -i -r  /usr /tmp

//按ctrl+z停止進(jìn)程

[root@ freeit ~]# bg 1

[1]+ cp -i -r /usr /tmp/ &

//繼續(xù)調(diào)用到后臺(tái)執(zhí)行

[root@ freeit ~]# jobs

[1]+  Running                cp -i -r  /usr /tmp/ &

 [root@ freeit ~]# kill %1

//結(jié)束此進(jìn)程

[root@ freeit ~]# jobs

[1]+  Terminated             cp -i -r  /usr /tmp/

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