本篇文章給大家分享的是有關(guān)如何使用Git與GitHub協(xié)同開發(fā)并搭建私有GitLab,小編覺得挺實用的,因此分享給大家學(xué)習(xí),希望大家閱讀完這篇文章后可以有所收獲,話不多說,跟著小編一起來看看吧。
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Linus
在1991年創(chuàng)建了開源的Linux
,從此全世界的工程師參與了Linux
的開發(fā),期初Linus
是通過手動diff
的方式進行代碼審核和合并的,后來BitKeeper
的東家BitMover
公司出于人道主義精神,授權(quán)Linux
社區(qū)免費使用這個版本控制系統(tǒng)。安定團結(jié)的大好局面在2005年就被打破了,原因是Linux社區(qū)牛人聚集,不免沾染了一些梁山好漢的江湖習(xí)氣。開發(fā)Samba的Andrew
試圖破解BitKeepe
r的協(xié)議(這么干的其實也不只他一個),被BitMover
公司發(fā)現(xiàn)了(監(jiān)控工作做得不錯?。?,于是BitMover
公司怒了,要收回Linux社區(qū)的免費使用權(quán)。Linus
花了兩周時間自己用C寫了一個分布式版本控制系統(tǒng),這就是Git
!一個月之內(nèi),Linux
系統(tǒng)的源碼已經(jīng)由Git
管理了!如果當(dāng)時BitMover
公司專門為Linux
發(fā)布一個社區(qū)版,也許這家公司也就名垂青史了,可是當(dāng)時這家公司思想境界沒那么高而且Linus
也那么牛!
niko@niko-notebook:~$ sudo apt install git -y
基本就是一路Next最后Finsh。
假定存在用戶A和用戶B,用戶A創(chuàng)建了一個遠(yuǎn)程倉庫,然后遠(yuǎn)程倉庫clone到本地,進行開發(fā)完成以后push到遠(yuǎn)程倉庫。同時用戶B也在開發(fā)這個項目,首先用戶B將遠(yuǎn)程倉庫clone到本地進行開發(fā),完成后push到遠(yuǎn)程倉庫,同時用戶A再pull遠(yuǎn)程倉庫代碼同步項目。
假定存在兩個開發(fā)團隊A和B,開發(fā)團隊A的每個成員都擁有一個本地版本庫,但是需要開發(fā)團隊B協(xié)助開發(fā),那么開發(fā)團隊會先fork一個遠(yuǎn)程倉庫,接著開發(fā)團隊B的成員分別clone副本遠(yuǎn)程倉庫到本地進行開發(fā),然后push到副本遠(yuǎn)程倉庫。完成后,開發(fā)團隊B向開發(fā)團隊A發(fā)出一個pull request請求,項目通過審核之后開發(fā)團隊A再merge副本庫到原始遠(yuǎn)程庫,完成功能合并。
使用git init
命令初始化一個新的項目
niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit/.git/
使用git init
命令開始管理一個現(xiàn)有的項目
niko@niko-notebook:~$ mkdir StydyGit niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StydyGit/ niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git init Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StydyGit/.git/
使用Git管理一個項目的時候會創(chuàng)建一下文件和目錄
niko@niko-notebook:~$ tree StudyGit -a StudyGit └── .git ├── HEAD ├── branches ├── config ├── description ├── hooks │ ├── applypatch-msg.sample │ ├── commit-msg.sample │ ├── fsmonitor-watchman.sample │ ├── post-update.sample │ ├── pre-applypatch.sample │ ├── pre-commit.sample │ ├── pre-push.sample │ ├── pre-rebase.sample │ ├── pre-receive.sample │ ├── prepare-commit-msg.sample │ └── update.sample ├── info │ └── exclude ├── objects │ ├── info │ └── pack └── refs ├── heads └── tags 10 directories, 15 files
在Git中有4個區(qū),分別是工作區(qū)、暫存區(qū)、本地庫、遠(yuǎn)程庫。我們項目開發(fā)就是在工作區(qū)工作,然后使用git add
命令將工作區(qū)的代碼提交到暫存區(qū),使用git commit
命令將暫存區(qū)的文件提交到本地庫。Git的有一個代碼托管中心是GitHub
,同樣國內(nèi)還有Google Code
,碼云
等。
設(shè)置Git簽名
項目級別(本地)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config user.name niko niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config user.email niko@163.com
系統(tǒng)級別(全局)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config --global user.name xvge niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git config --global user.email xvge@163.com
簽名優(yōu)先級
就近原則:項目優(yōu)先級高于系統(tǒng)優(yōu)先級
項目級別的配置信息存放到項目目錄的.git/config
文件中:
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cat .git/config
[core] repositoryformatversion = 0 filemode = true bare = false logallrefupdates = true [user] name = niko email = niko@163.com
項目級別的配置信息存放到系統(tǒng)用戶目錄的.gitconfig
文件中:
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cat ~/.gitconfig
[user] name = xvge email = xvge@163.com
查看當(dāng)前工作區(qū)的狀態(tài)(git status
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status On branch master # 當(dāng)前所處的分支 No commits yet nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)
當(dāng)創(chuàng)建一個新文件的時候,這個新的文件處于未被跟蹤的狀態(tài):
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ echo "Hello, Git." > file.txt # 創(chuàng)建一個文件 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status On branch master No commits yet Untracked files: # 列出未被追蹤的文件 (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed) file.txt nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)
將工作區(qū)的文件提交到暫存區(qū),使得Git可以跟蹤新文件(git add
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add . niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status On branch master No commits yet Changes to be committed: # 列出更改的文件 (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage) new file: file.txt
將暫存區(qū)的文件提交到本地庫(git commit
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "add file.txt" [master (root-commit) 5f9adfe] add file.txt 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) create mode 100644 file.txt
查看提交日志(git log
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log commit e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed (HEAD -> master) # HEAD表示當(dāng)前版本 Author: niko <niko@163.com> Date: Mon Sep 24 12:34:38 2018 +0800 modifiy file.txt # 提交的注釋信息 commit 5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95 # 40為16進制SHA-256值 Author: niko <niko@163.com> Date: Mon Sep 24 12:16:20 2018 +0800 add file.txt
查看提交日志(git log
)
多次修改后的
git log
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log commit b4a54420dcea8d480b80797e032d8ed74b430a97 (HEAD -> master) Author: niko <niko@163.com> Date: Mon Sep 24 12:40:27 2018 +0800 modifiy file.txt commit 17acb2424f04c7ec0298e0c59039d19bce8369b6 Author: niko <niko@163.com> Date: Mon Sep 24 12:39:08 2018 +0800 add file3.txt commit 80cbf7f5c44e0507439bd97a8976d28b746f4f45 Author: niko <niko@163.com> Date: Mon Sep 24 12:38:26 2018 +0800 add file2.txt commit e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed Author: niko <niko@163.com> Date: Mon Sep 24 12:34:38 2018 +0800 modifiy file.txt commit 5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95 Author: niko <niko@163.com> Date: Mon Sep 24 12:16:20 2018 +0800 add file.txt
使用
git log --pretty=oneline
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log --pretty=oneline b4a54420dcea8d480b80797e032d8ed74b430a97 (HEAD -> master) modifiy file.txt 17acb2424f04c7ec0298e0c59039d19bce8369b6 add file3.txt 80cbf7f5c44e0507439bd97a8976d28b746f4f45 add file2.txt e6442a41c339e0fd6d01656cbea24775471ee1ed modifiy file.txt 5f9adfeade857255ef647f855899965274a5fe95 add file.txt
使用
git log --oneline
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git log --oneline b4a5442 (HEAD -> master) modifiy file.txt 17acb24 add file3.txt 80cbf7f add file2.txt e6442a4 modifiy file.txt 5f9adfe add file.txt
使用
git reflog
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog b4a5442 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: modifiy file.txt 17acb24 HEAD@{1}: commit: add file3.txt 80cbf7f HEAD@{2}: commit: add file2.txt e6442a4 HEAD@{3}: commit: modifiy file.txt 5f9adfe HEAD@{4}: commit (initial): add file.txt
版本回退(git reset
)
參數(shù):
git reset --soft 回退本地庫
git reset --mixed 默認(rèn),回退暫存區(qū)、本地庫
git reset --hard 回退暫存區(qū)、工作區(qū)、本地庫
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reset 80cbf7f
git reset --soft
圖示
git reset --mixed
圖示
git reset --hard
圖示
找回文件(git reset
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls # 查看file2.txt文件是否存在 file.txt file2.txt file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ rm -rf file2.txt # 刪除file2.txt文件 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls # 確保file2.txt文件已經(jīng)刪除 file.txt file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status # 查看文件跟蹤狀態(tài) On branch master Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add/rm <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) deleted: file2.txt no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add . # 跟蹤當(dāng)前狀態(tài) niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "del file2.txt" # 將代碼提交到本地庫 [master db6e563] del file2.txt 1 file changed, 1 deletion(-) delete mode 100644 file2.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog # 查看形成一個版本信息db6e563 db6e563 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: del file2.txt bcf8ce2 HEAD@{1}: commit: first reset 80cbf7f HEAD@{2}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f b4a5442 HEAD@{3}: commit: modifiy file.txt 17acb24 HEAD@{4}: commit: add file3.txt 80cbf7f HEAD@{5}: commit: add file2.txt e6442a4 HEAD@{6}: commit: modifiy file.txt 5f9adfe HEAD@{7}: commit (initial): add file.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reset --hard bcf8ce2 # 回退到上一個版本 HEAD is now at bcf8ce2 first reset niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ ls # file2.txt文件已經(jīng)存在 file.txt file2.txt file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status # 查看當(dāng)前跟蹤狀態(tài) On branch master nothing to commit, working tree clean niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog # 生成一個版本信息 bcf8ce2 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to bcf8ce2 db6e563 HEAD@{1}: commit: del file2.txt bcf8ce2 (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit: first reset 80cbf7f HEAD@{3}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f b4a5442 HEAD@{4}: commit: modifiy file.txt 17acb24 HEAD@{5}: commit: add file3.txt 80cbf7f HEAD@{6}: commit: add file2.txt e6442a4 HEAD@{7}: commit: modifiy file.txt 5f9adfe HEAD@{8}: commit (initial): add file.txt
git diff
使用
git diff --staged
比較工作區(qū)與暫存區(qū)的不同。使用
git diff --cached
比較暫存區(qū)與本地庫的不同。
分支可以并行推進項目的開發(fā),開發(fā)的某一個功能如果失敗不會影響項目整體。
查看分支(git branch -v
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v * master bcf8ce2 first reset
創(chuàng)建分支(git branch branchName
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch hot_fix
切換分支(git checkout branchName
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git checkout hot_fix Switched to branch 'hot_fix' niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v # 星號所在分支就是當(dāng)前分支 * hot_fix bcf8ce2 first reset master bcf8ce2 first reset
合并分支(git merge branchName
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt # 修改文件 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status # 查看分支狀態(tài) On branch hot_fix Changes not staged for commit: (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed) (use "git checkout -- <file>..." to discard changes in working directory) modified: file3.txt no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a") niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add . # 添加到當(dāng)前分支的跟蹤狀態(tài) niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "fix bug by xvge" # 提交代碼 [hot_fix 40376b9] fix bug by xvge 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git checkout master # 切換到主分支 Switched to branch 'master' niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git merge hot_fix # 將hot_fix合并到master Updating bcf8ce2..40376b9 Fast-forward file3.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git stataus # 查看主分支狀態(tài) git: 'stataus' is not a git command. See 'git --help'. The most similar command is status niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git status On branch master nothing to commit, working tree clean niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git reflog # 產(chǎn)生幾個新版本 40376b9 (HEAD -> master, hot_fix) HEAD@{0}: merge hot_fix: Fast-forward bcf8ce2 HEAD@{1}: checkout: moving from hot_fix to master 40376b9 (HEAD -> master, hot_fix) HEAD@{2}: commit: fix bug by xvge bcf8ce2 HEAD@{3}: checkout: moving from master to hot_fix bcf8ce2 HEAD@{4}: reset: moving to bcf8ce2 db6e563 HEAD@{5}: commit: del file2.txt bcf8ce2 HEAD@{6}: commit: first reset 80cbf7f HEAD@{7}: reset: moving to 80cbf7f b4a5442 HEAD@{8}: commit: modifiy file.txt 17acb24 HEAD@{9}: commit: add file3.txt 80cbf7f HEAD@{10}: commit: add file2.txt e6442a4 HEAD@{11}: commit: modifiy file.txt 5f9adfe HEAD@{12}: commit (initial): add file.txt
# 修改master分支代碼 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v hot_fix 40376b9 fix bug by xvge * master 40376b9 fix bug by xvge niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add . niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "add festure by master" [master cbd7ce1] add festure by master 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) # 修改hot_fix分支代碼 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v * hot_fix 40376b9 fix bug by xvge master 40376b9 fix bug by xvge niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add . niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "add feature by fix" [hot_fix 6cceae3] add feature by fix 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) # 將master合并到hot_fix上 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git branch -v * hot_fix 6cceae3 add feature by fix master cbd7ce1 add festure by master niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git merge master Auto-merging file3.txt CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in file3.txt Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result. # 解決沖突 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ vim file3.txt Hi, FullStackDev. fix this bug by xvge. <<<<<<< HEAD add festure by fix. ======= add feature by master. >>>>>>> master # 提×××并 niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git add . niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git commit -m "merge code by conflict" [hot_fix 088f6c5] merge code by conflict
合并代碼時產(chǎn)生了沖突
創(chuàng)建遠(yuǎn)程倉庫github.com
,如果勾選Initialize this repository with a README
選項可能首次推送失敗。
將GitHub地址保存到本地
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git
查看本地保存了什么地址
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git remote -v origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git (fetch) origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git (push)
將本地庫推送到遠(yuǎn)程庫
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ git push origin master Username for 'https://github.com': xvGe Password for 'https://xvGe@github.com': Counting objects: 19, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (11/11), done. Writing objects: 100% (19/19), 1.44 KiB | 52.00 KiB/s, done. Total 19 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0) remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), done. remote: remote: Create a pull request for 'master' on GitHub by visiting: remote: https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit/pull/new/master remote: To https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git * [new branch] master -> master
克隆遠(yuǎn)程庫(git clone
)
niko@niko-notebook:~/StydyGit$ cd ../ niko@niko-notebook:~$ rm -rf StydyGit/ niko@niko-notebook:~$ git clone https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git Cloning into 'StudyGit'... remote: Counting objects: 19, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done. remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0 Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done.
拉取遠(yuǎn)程庫(git pull
和git fetch
)
niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit2 # 創(chuàng)建新項目 Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit2/.git/ niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGit2/ # 進入項目目錄 niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git#添加地址 niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git fetch origin master # 拉取項目 remote: Counting objects: 19, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done. remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0 Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done. From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD * [new branch] master -> origin/master niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git branch -a # 查看所有分支 remotes/origin/master niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git branch -r # 查看遠(yuǎn)程分支 origin/master niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ git merge origin/master # 合并分支 niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ ls file.txt file2.txt file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit2$ cd ../ # 返回上層 niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGit3 # 初始化一個項目 Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGit3/.git/ niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGit3/ # 進入項目目錄 niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit3$ git pull https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit.git # 拉取項目 remote: Counting objects: 19, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done. remote: Total 19 (delta 2), reused 19 (delta 2), pack-reused 0 Unpacking objects: 100% (19/19), done. From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit * branch HEAD -> FETCH_HEAD niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit3$ ls file.txt file2.txt file3.txt
git fetch
和git pull
的區(qū)別是,前者會創(chuàng)建新分支,需要合并操作,但是更加安全;后者直接修改本地代碼。
遠(yuǎn)程克隆倉庫
團隊拉取遠(yuǎn)程倉庫修改并推送
niko@niko-notebook:~$ git init StudyGitHub Initialized empty Git repository in /home/niko/StudyGitHub/.git/ niko@niko-notebook:~$ cd StudyGitHub/ niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git pull https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git remote add origin https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ ls file.txt file2.txt file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ echo "Desgin by B" >> file3.txt niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git add . niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git commit -m "add code" [master 09003b9] add code 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ git push origin master Username for 'https://github.com': xv-niko Password for 'https://xv-niko@github.com': Counting objects: 3, done. Delta compression using up to 4 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done. Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 274 bytes | 68.00 KiB/s, done. Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0) remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (2/2), completed with 2 local objects. To https://github.com/xv-niko/StudyGit.git cbd7ce1..09003b9 master -> master
發(fā)起pull requests
項目所有者團隊查看請求
合并代碼
所有者團隊合并到本地
niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGitHub$ cd ../StudyGit niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit$ git pull origin master remote: Counting objects: 4, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done. remote: Total 4 (delta 2), reused 3 (delta 2), pack-reused 0 Unpacking objects: 100% (4/4), done. From https://github.com/xvGe/StudyGit * branch master -> FETCH_HEAD cbd7ce1..0ca0905 master -> origin/master Updating cbd7ce1..0ca0905 Fast-forward file3.txt | 1 + 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+) niko@niko-notebook:~/StudyGit$ cat file3.txt Hi, FullStackDev. fix this bug by xvge. add feature by master. Desgin by B
集中式工作流
Git Flow(常用)
Forking工作流
yum clean all && yum repolist all yum install -y curl policycoreutils-python openssh-server systemctl enable sshd systemctl start sshd firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http # 如果開啟了防火墻執(zhí)行 systemctl reload firewalld # 如果開啟了防火墻執(zhí)行 yum install postfix -y systemctl enable postfix systemctl start postfix curl -sS https://packages.gitlab.com/install/repositories/gitlab/gitlab-ce/script.rpm.sh | bash EXTERNAL_URL="http://gitlab.example.com" yum install -y gitlab-ce gitlab-ctl reconfigure # 配置服務(wù)器 gitlab-ctl start # 啟動服務(wù)器
訪問服務(wù)器地址即可,GitLab服務(wù)器搭建指南:https://about.gitlab.com/installation/
以上就是如何使用Git與GitHub協(xié)同開發(fā)并搭建私有GitLab,小編相信有部分知識點可能是我們?nèi)粘9ぷ鲿姷交蛴玫降?。希望你能通過這篇文章學(xué)到更多知識。更多詳情敬請關(guān)注創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)行業(yè)資訊頻道。
分享標(biāo)題:如何使用Git與GitHub協(xié)同開發(fā)并搭建私有GitLab
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