UNIX/Linux系統(tǒng)管理技術(shù)手冊(cè)閱讀（二）

2016.8.10 20:00-21:20

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1.1.3 Performing backups

1.1.3 執(zhí)行備份

  Performing backups is perhaps the most important job of the system administrator, and it is also the job that is most often ignored or sloppily done. Backups are time consuming and boring, but they are absolutely necessary. Backups can be automated and delegated to an underling, but it is still the system administrator’s job to make sure that backups are executed correctly and on schedule (and that the resulting media can actually be used to restore files). 

  執(zhí)行備份可能是系統(tǒng)管理員最重要的工作了這也是經(jīng)常被忽視或者不經(jīng)心去做的工作。備份工作耗時(shí)且單調(diào)但又絕對(duì)必要。備份可以自動(dòng)進(jìn)行且能授權(quán)給下屬去做但系統(tǒng)管理員仍然要確保備份工作在按時(shí)正解進(jìn)行備份介質(zhì)確實(shí)可以恢復(fù)出原文件來(lái)。

單詞

perhaps                 或許也許可能

most often              最經(jīng)常很多時(shí)候通常來(lái)說(shuō)

ignored                 忽略不顧

sloppily                粗心地

consuming               消耗

boring                  無(wú)聊的令人厭煩的

absolutely necessary    絕對(duì)必要

automated               自動(dòng)化的機(jī)械化的

delegated               授權(quán)

underling               下屬部下走卒

still                   仍然但是盡管如此

executed correctly      正確執(zhí)行

on schedule             按時(shí)按照預(yù)定時(shí)間

resulting               作為結(jié)果的

actually                實(shí)際上事實(shí)上

1.1.4 Installing and upgrading software 

1.1.4 安裝和軟件更新

  When new software is acquired, it must be installed and tested, often under several operating systems and on several types of hardware. Once the software is working correctly, users must be informed of its availability and location. As patches and security updates are released, they must be incorporated smoothly into the local environment. 

  在獲得新軟件以后必須安裝并測(cè)試它而且經(jīng)常要在幾種類(lèi)型的操作系統(tǒng)和硬件下進(jìn)行安裝和測(cè)試。一旦軟件能夠正常工作還要告訴用戶(hù)這個(gè)軟件的位置。在補(bǔ)丁和安全升級(jí)發(fā)布出來(lái)的同時(shí)也必須平穩(wěn)地將它融入到本地環(huán)境里。

  Local software and administrative scripts should be properly packaged and managed in a fashion that’s compatible with the native upgrade procedures used on systems at your site. As this software evolves, new releases should be staged for testing before being deployed to the entire site. 

  應(yīng)該把本地軟件和管理腳本正確地打包和管理使之適用于本地系統(tǒng)自身采取的升級(jí)機(jī)制。隨著該軟件向前發(fā)展新的發(fā)布版本應(yīng)該先安排測(cè)試然后再部署到整個(gè)站點(diǎn)上去。

單詞

acquired               取得捕獲

correctly              正確地得體地

informed               通知

released               釋放release的過(guò)去式已發(fā)布

incorporated           合并的

smoothly               平穩(wěn)地平滑地流暢地流利地

into the               融入

environment            環(huán)境外界

properly               適當(dāng)?shù)卣_地恰當(dāng)?shù)?/p>

managed                管理

in a fashion           馬馬虎虎勉強(qiáng)多少還…一點(diǎn)

compatible             兼容的能共處的可并立的

native upgrade         本地升級(jí)

procedures             程序規(guī)程

evolves                發(fā)展進(jìn)化進(jìn)展

releases               釋放豁免

Be staged              測(cè)試表演 

1.1.5 Monitoring the system 

1.1.5 監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)

  Large installations require vigilant supervision. Don’t expect users to report problems to you unless the issues are severe. Working around a problem is usually faster than taking the time to document and report it, so users often follow the path of least resistance. 

  大型的部署環(huán)境需要時(shí)刻進(jìn)行監(jiān)視。除非事態(tài)嚴(yán)重否則不要指望用戶(hù)向系統(tǒng)管理員報(bào)告問(wèn)題。比起花時(shí)間寫(xiě)說(shuō)明報(bào)告問(wèn)題繞過(guò)問(wèn)題通常要快得多所以用戶(hù)往往怎么省事怎么來(lái)。

  Regularly ensure that email and web services are working correctly, watch log files for early signs of trouble, make sure that local networks are properly connected, and keep an eye on the availability of system resources such as disk space. All of these chores are excellent opportunities for automation, and a variety of off-theshelf monitoring systems can help sysadmins with this task. 

  定期做檢查確保電子郵件和Web服務(wù)正常運(yùn)行查看日志文件掌握故障出現(xiàn)的早期跡象確保本地網(wǎng)絡(luò)都連接正常監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)資源如磁盤(pán)空間的可用性所有這些工作都很有可能自動(dòng)執(zhí)行各種各樣現(xiàn)成的監(jiān)視系統(tǒng)能夠幫助系統(tǒng)管理員完成這項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

單詞

installations           系統(tǒng)設(shè)施裝置

require                 需要要求命令

vigilant                警惕的警醒的注意的警戒的

supervision             監(jiān)督管理

least                   最小

resistance              阻力電阻抵抗反抗抵抗力

regularly               定期地有規(guī)律地整齊地勻稱(chēng)地

early signs             早期病征 早期癥狀 早期表現(xiàn) 

chores                  困難的工作

excellent               卓越的極好的杰出的

opportunities           有可能因素機(jī)會(huì)[數(shù)] 機(jī)遇

a variety of            種種各種各樣的…

off the shelf           現(xiàn)成的不用定制的

2016.8.11 16:30-17:30

1.1.6 Troubleshooting

1.1.6 故障診斷

  System failures are inevitable. It is the administrator’s job to play mechanic by

diagnosing problems and calling in experts if needed. Finding the problem is often harder than fixing it.

  系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障在所難免在必要時(shí)請(qǐng)來(lái)專(zhuān)家排除故障等都成了管理員的工作職責(zé)。找出問(wèn)題往往比修復(fù)難上十倍。

單詞

system failures        系統(tǒng)發(fā)生故障 制度失靈 系統(tǒng)故障 

inevitable             不可避免的

mechanic               技工機(jī)修工

Diagnosing Problems   診斷問(wèn)題 

call in                召集召來(lái)

experts                專(zhuān)家人才expert的復(fù)數(shù)形式

fixing it              處理修復(fù)

1.1.7 Maintaining local documentation

1.1.7 維護(hù)本地文檔

  As a system is changed to suit an organization’s needs, it begins to differ from the plain-vanilla system described by the documentation. Since the system administrator is responsible for making these customizations, it’s also the sysadmin’s duty to document the changes. This chore includes documenting where cables are run and how they are constructed, keeping maintenance records for all hardware, recording the status of backups, and documenting local procedures and policies.

  系統(tǒng)為適合單位的需要而逐漸改造隨著改造的進(jìn)行該系統(tǒng)便開(kāi)始變得和文檔當(dāng)初所描述的那個(gè)基本系統(tǒng)不一樣。既然系統(tǒng)管理員負(fù)責(zé)做這些定制工作那么寫(xiě)文檔講清楚變化也是管理員的職責(zé)。這項(xiàng)職責(zé)包括把電纜的走線(xiàn)位置、電纜連接方式等信息寫(xiě)入文檔保留所有硬件的維護(hù)記錄記錄備份的狀態(tài)編寫(xiě)本地處理過(guò)程和策略的文檔等。

單詞

maintaining          維護(hù)保養(yǎng)

suit                   適合使適應(yīng)

maintenance records    維修記錄 維護(hù)記錄

recording              記錄

documenting            編寫(xiě) 記錄 記載 文件制作 

procedures             過(guò)程程序規(guī)程

1.1.8 Vigilantly monitoring security

1.1.8 時(shí)刻警惕系統(tǒng)安全

  The system administrator must implement a security policy and periodically check to be sure that the security of the system has not been violated. On lowsecurity systems, this chore might involve only a few basic checks for unauthorized access. On a high-security system, it can include an elaborate network of traps and auditing programs.

  系統(tǒng)管理員必須實(shí)施某種安全策略并且做定期檢查確保系統(tǒng)安全沒(méi)有受到侵害。在安全要求低的系統(tǒng)上這項(xiàng)工作任務(wù)可能僅僅包括對(duì)非授權(quán)訪(fǎng)問(wèn)進(jìn)行粗略的檢查。在安全高的系統(tǒng)上這可能包括仔細(xì)布置由陷阱和程序構(gòu)建的監(jiān)視網(wǎng)。

單詞

vigilantly             警惕地警覺(jué)地留心地

periodically check     定期檢查

not been violated      不被侵犯

chore                  繁瑣零工

might                  力量威力勢(shì)力可以

involve                包含牽涉使陷于潛心于

basic checks           基本檢查

unauthorized           非法的未被授權(quán)的未授權(quán)的動(dòng)作

an elaborate network   監(jiān)視網(wǎng)一個(gè)精心設(shè)計(jì)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)

traps                  陷阱

auditing             審計(jì)

1.1.9 Fire fighting

1.1.9 救火

  Although helping users with their various problems is rarely included in a system

administrator’s job description, it claims a significant portion of most administrators’ workdays. System administrators are bombarded with problems ranging

from “It worked yesterday and now it doesn’t! What did you change?” to “I spilled coffee on my keyboard! Should I pour water on it to wash it out?”

  盡管在系統(tǒng)管理員工作的規(guī)定范圍之內(nèi)很少會(huì)包括幫助用戶(hù)解決各種問(wèn)題但對(duì)于大多數(shù)系統(tǒng)管理員而主這通常占據(jù)了他們?nèi)粘９ぷ鞯暮艽笠徊糠帧Ｏ到y(tǒng)管理員往往遭到形形×××問(wèn)題的狂轟濫炸問(wèn)題從“我的程序昨天正常工作了今天卻不干活了您改變了什么”到“我把咖啡灑到鍵盤(pán)上了我應(yīng)該把水倒到鍵盤(pán)上洗掉咖啡么”

  In most cases, your response to these issues affects your perceived value as an

administrator far more than does any actual technical skill you might possess. You

can either howl at the injustice of it all, or you can delight in the fact that a single well-handled trouble ticket scores as many brownie points as five hours of midnight debugging. You pick!

  在大部分情況下系統(tǒng)管理員對(duì)這些事情的響應(yīng)要比他可能具備的任何實(shí)際技術(shù)技能更能夠讓人感覺(jué)到他作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)管理員的價(jià)值所在。要么對(duì)此憤憤不平要么就欣然接受這樣的事實(shí)深更半夜花5個(gè)小時(shí)調(diào)試問(wèn)題和妥善處理一張故障工單相比在績(jī)效評(píng)定上都一樣。

  

單詞

Although              盡管雖然但是然而

various               各種各樣的多方面的

rarely included       很少會(huì)包括

job description       工作描述 職位描述 工作說(shuō)明 

significant portion   很大一部分 

bombarded with        狂轟濫炸

problems ranging      等一系列問(wèn)題 

spilled               溢出 覆水難收 潑灑

pour water            倒水

response to           對(duì)……的回答對(duì)……的反應(yīng)

perceived value       感知價(jià)值知覺(jué)價(jià)值

far more than         遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過(guò)多得多的

actual technical skill   實(shí)際的技能

might                 可能也許

possess               擁有具備

howl                  咆哮怒吼狂吠

delight in            因…感到快樂(lè)喜歡 取樂(lè) 欣喜 

fact                  事實(shí)實(shí)際真相

well-handled          妥善處理

trouble ticket        故障報(bào)告表

You pick              你接受

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