91django_基本使用-創(chuàng)新互聯(lián)

目錄

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django.1

django-admin startproject.3

django-admin startapp.5

model:...7

view中使用model:...10

template.11

view中使用template:...13

去掉url和static硬編碼:...15

url反解析:...15

url命名空間:...15

form處理:...16

django

是py下一款著名的web框架;

框架,是整個或部分系統(tǒng)的可重用設計,表現(xiàn)為一組抽象構件及構件實例間交互的方法;

是可被應用開發(fā)者定制的應用骨架;

其它web框架:flask、tornado;

django優(yōu):

自帶輪子眾多,方便快速開發(fā),如ORM、Auth、Cache、Template、From核心組件;

天生的MVC設計模式;

實用且強大的管理后臺;

簡潔的url設計;

周邊插件豐富;

django缺:

重;

同步阻塞;

django設計哲學:

大而全;

快速開發(fā);

django歷史:

最初開發(fā)者,Adrian和Simon;

開發(fā)背景,World Online維護幾個新聞站點,要求快速發(fā)布新聞,快速建立其它新聞站點(快速開發(fā)、數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動);

World Online于05年夏天開源;

https://www.djangoproject.com/

(django) C:\django>pip install django==1.11

(django) C:\django>ipython

In [1]: import django

In [2]: django.get_version()

Out[2]: '1.11'

django version

python versions

1.8

2.7,3.2,3.3,3.4,3.5

1.9,1.10

2.7,3.4,3.5

1.11

2.7,3.4,3.5,3.6

2.0

3.4,3.5,3.6

2.1

3.5,3.6,3.7

響應流程:

91django_基本使用

django-admin startproject

pycharm,New Project-->webproject,C:\webproject

(webproject) C:\webproject>django-admin startproject mysite?? #或用python manage.py startproject mysite;此命令腳本在虛擬環(huán)境的C:\Users\Administrator\py_env\webproject\Scriptsdjango-admin.exe

91django_基本使用

91django_基本使用

91django_基本使用

mysite/mysite/sessings.py?? #項目配置

mysite/mysite/urls.py?? #入口url

def url(regex, view, kwargs=None, name=None):?? #view是function object,不是函數(shù)調(diào)用;view函數(shù)的第一參數(shù)永遠是request,不探討CBV,view函數(shù)的返回值永遠是HttpResponse對象,顯式或隱式;

url(r'^hello/$', hello),?? #django默認會給url后加/,此處定義,hello前不帶/,hello后一定要有/,這樣即使用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello也會自動跳到http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/上;若此處配置為r'^hello$',用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/,訪問的地址無論是否帶/都會報404;所以記住,此處定義的url,hello前沒有/,hello后要有/;

url(r'^$', views.index, name='index')?? #app中的urls.py,可通過name反解出url;

url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')),?? #項目中的urls.py,include里是str,在用到時才動態(tài)導入;

mysite/mysite/wsgi.py?? #生產(chǎn)部署時調(diào)用

注:

include源碼,from django.conf.urls import url, include:

def include(arg, namespace=None, app_name=None):

例:

urls.py

from django.conf.urls import url

from django.contrib import admin

from django.http import HttpResponse

def index(request):

return HttpResponse('this is index')

def hello(request):?? #view函數(shù)的第一個參數(shù)永遠是request,不探討CBV

return HttpResponse('Hello world')

urlpatterns = [?? #urlpatterns約定俗成的名字

url(r'^$', index),

url(r'^hello/$', hello),?? #django默認會給url后加/,此處定義,hello前不帶/,hello后一定要有/,這樣即使用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello也會自動跳到http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/上;若此處配置為r'^hello$',用戶訪問http://127.0.0.1:8000/hello/,訪問的地址無論是否帶/都會報404;所以記住,此處定義的url,hello前沒有/,hello后要有/

url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),

]

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py runserver??#可自定義ip:port,python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8080,啟動的是django內(nèi)置webserver,用于測試

91django_基本使用

91django_基本使用

django-admin startapp

django app與django project區(qū)別:

app中才能用model;

app設計是可插拔的,app不一定在project中;

settings.py中有內(nèi)置的app,可根據(jù)項目情況禁用;

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>django-admin startapp polls?? #或用python manage.py startapp polls,新建投票app,在項目根下操作

91django_基本使用

admin.py?? #后臺管理

apps.py?? #1.8ver后加的,app的獨立配置

tests.py?? #測試用例

views.py?? #業(yè)務邏輯

migrations/?? #與model的版本控制有關

例:

mysite/mysite/settings.py?? #在項目settings.py中導入app

INSTALLED_APPS = [

'polls.apps.PollsConfig',

'django.contrib.admin',

'django.contrib.auth',

'django.contrib.contenttypes',

'django.contrib.sessions',

'django.contrib.messages',

'django.contrib.staticfiles',

]

mysite/polls/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render

from django.http import HttpResponse

def index(request):

return HttpResponse('this is index at polls')

mysite/polls/urls.py?? #app中的urls.py默認不存在,新建

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^$', views.index, name='index')

]

mysite/mysite/urls.py

urlpatterns = [

url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls')),?? #include中是str,在用到時才動態(tài)導入

url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls),

]

91django_基本使用

model:

支持sqlite、mysql、postgresql、oracle;

py3.5以上版本,不支持MySQLdb驅(qū)動;

可用pymysql,py寫的;

可用mysqlclient,c寫的,速度快,fork的MySQLdb,官方推薦;

ORM,用py的方法、數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構,來訪問db,可兼容不同的DB;

一個class代表一張表,多對多會產(chǎn)生額外一張關系表;

默認pk為id,也可自定義pk;

表名默認為$APP_NAME$CLASS_NAME.lower(),表名小寫(跨平臺支持),可重寫;

models migrations:

定義好models.py需應用到db,django為了能跟蹤表結(jié)構的變化,增加了migration版本控制功能,如果沒有該功能,需手動編寫表結(jié)構變化的語句,重新導入數(shù)據(jù);

models CRUD:

增:

q = Question(**kwargs)?? #方式1

q.save()

q = Question.objects.create(**kwargs)?? #方式2

刪:

q = Question.objects.get(id=1)

q.delete()

Question.objects.filter(id=1).delete()

Question.objects.all().delete()

改:

q = Question.objects.get(id=1)

q.question_text = 'some text'

q.save()

Question.objects.filter(id=1).update(question_text='why ?')

查:

Question.objects.all()

Question.objects.filter(question_text="what's up?")?? #objects,model默認的manager管理器

Question.objects.get(id=1)

latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:3]?? #默認升序,加上-倒序

注:

>>> from django.utils import timezone

>>> import datetime

>>> timezone.now()?? #比datetime.datetime.now()多了時區(qū),在頁面展示時,django內(nèi)部會轉(zhuǎn)為適合用戶所在的時區(qū)

datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 7, 2, 18, 244920, tzinfo=<UTC>)

>>> datetime.datetime.now()

datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 15, 2, 32, 837755)

models中方法:

def __str__(self):

return self.question_text

def was_published_recently(self):

return self.pub_date >= timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(days=1)

mysite/mysite/settings.py

DATABASES = {

'default': {

'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',

'NAME': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'db.sqlite3'),

}

}

mysite/polls/models.py

from django.db import models

class Question(models.Model):?? #一個class代表一張表,多對多會產(chǎn)生額外一張關系表;默認pk為id,也可自定義pk;表名默認為$APP_NAME$CLASS_NAME.lower(),可重寫

question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)

pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

class Choice(models.Model):

question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)

votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations?? #生成遷移記錄

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py migrate?? #應用到db

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>sqlite3 db.sqlite3

sqlite> .tables

auth_group????????????????? django_admin_log

auth_group_permissions????? django_content_type

auth_permission??? ?????????django_migrations

auth_user?????????????????? django_session

auth_user_groups??????????? polls_choice

auth_user_user_permissions? polls_question

sqlite> .quit

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>dir polls\migrations\

驅(qū)動器 C 中的卷是 OS

卷的序列號是 000B-5D26

C:\webproject\mysite\polls\migrations 的目錄

2019/01/02? 14:24??? <DIR>????????? .

2019/01/02? 14:24??? <DIR>????????? ..

2019/01/02? 14:24???????????? 1,266 0001_initial.py

2019/01/02? 11:29???????????????? 0 __init__.py

2019/01/02? 14:25??? <DIR>????????? __pycache__

2 個文件????????? 1,266 字節(jié)

3 個目錄 77,168,365,568 可用字節(jié)

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001_initial?? #查看sql語句是否是指定要求的

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py shell??#進入交互式命令行

>>> from django.utils import timezone

>>> from polls.models import Question,Choice

>>> q = Question(question_text="what's new", pub_date=timezone.now())

>>> q.save()

>>> q.id

1

>>> q.pk

1

>>> q.question_text

"what's new"

>>> q.pub_date

datetime.datetime(2019, 1, 2, 6, 49, 16, 612213, tzinfo=<UTC>)

>>> from polls.models import Question,Choice

>>> from django.utils import timezone

>>> q = Question.objects.create(question_text="how are you?", pub_date=timezone.now())

>>> q = Question.objects.create(question_text="what's the weather?", pub_date=timezone.now())

>>> q = Question.objects.create(question_text="fuck you!", pub_date=timezone.now())

>>> q

<Question: fuck you!>

>>> q.was_published_recently()

True

>>> d = timezone.now() - timezone.timedelta(days=2)

>>> q.pub_date = d

>>> q.save()

>>> q.was_published_recently()

False

view中使用model:

from django.http import HttpResponse

from .models import Question

def index(request):

latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:3]?? #默認升序,加上-倒序

output = ', '.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])

return HttpResponse(output)

def detail(request, question_id):

return HttpResponse('Your are looking at question {}'.format(question_id))

def results(request, question_id):

response = 'Your are looking at results of question {}'.format(question_id)

return HttpResponse(response)

def vote(request, question_id):

return HttpResponse('Your are voting on question {}'.format(question_id))

template

django內(nèi)置了自己的模板引擎,和jinja很像,使用簡單;

django默認會在app_name/templates/下尋找模板,在app_name/templates/下再建立app_name,這樣app_name/templates/app_name/下存放與該app相關的模板,因為默認django會去所有的app下找模板,可能會優(yōu)先找到其它app下的模板;

默認會到app_name/static/下尋找靜態(tài)文件;

設置公用templates和公用static:

mysite/mysite/settings.py

TEMPLATES = [

{

'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',

'DIRS': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'templates')],

'APP_DIRS': True,

……

STATIC_URL = '/static/'

STATICFILES_DIRS = [

os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'static'),

]

>>> from django.template import Template,Context

>>> t = Template('My name is {{ name }}')

>>> c = Context({'name':'jowin'})?? #context可以是 dict、屬性、方法、tuple|list

>>> t.render(c)

'My name is jowin'

>>> t = Template('my name is {{ name }}')

>>> d = {'name':'jowin'}

>>> c = Context(d)

>>> t.render(c)

'my name is jowin'

>>> t = Template('my name is {{ user.name }}')?? #變量查找,dict、attr、method、list、tuple

>>> class Person:

...???? def __init__(self,name):

...???????????? self.name = name

...

>>> user = Person('jowin')

>>> user.name

'jowin'

>>> c = Context({'user':user})

>>> t.render(c)

'my name is jowin'

>>> t = Template('my name is {{ user.name }}')

>>> class Person:

...???? def name(self):

...???????????? return 'jowin'

...

>>> user = Person()

>>> user.name()

'jowin'

>>> c = Context({'user':user})

>>> t.render(c)

'my name is jowin'

模板引擎支持循環(huán)、判斷、過濾器:

for:

{% for person in person_list %}

<li> {{ person.name }} </li>

{% endfor %}

if:

{% if max > 10 %}

<li>max value is {{ max }} </li>

{% else %}

<li>max value is 10 </li>

{% endif %}

過濾器:

{{ now | date:"F j,Y" }}

{{ name | length }}

view中使用template:

render源碼,from django.shortcuts import render:

def render(request, template_name, context=None, content_type=None, status=None, using=None):

"""

Returns a HttpResponse whose content is filled with the result of calling

django.template.loader.render_to_string() with the passed arguments.

"""

content = loader.render_to_string(template_name, context, request, using=using)

return HttpResponse(content, content_type, status)

另,render_to_response(),老版本1.6用;

mysite/polls/views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse

from .models import Question

from django.template import loader

# def index(request):

#???? latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]

#???? template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')

#???? context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}

#???? # output = ', '.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])

#???? return HttpResponse(template.render(context))?? #方1

def index(request):

latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]

context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}

return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)?? #方2

mysite/polls/templates/polls/index.html

<img src="/static/django.png">?? #mysite/polls/static/django.png

{% if latest_question_list %}

<ul>

{% for question in latest_question_list %}

<li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>

{% endfor %}

</ul>

{% endif %}

(webproject) C:\webproject\mysite>python manage.py runserver

91django_基本使用

去掉url和static硬編碼:

mysite/polls/templates/polls/index.html

{% load static %}

<img src="{% static 'django.png' %}">

{% if latest_question_list %}

<ul>

{% for question in latest_question_list %}

<!--<li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>-->

<li><a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>

{% endfor %}

</ul>

{% endif %}

注:

{% url 'detail' question.id %}?? #app的urls.py中定義的name有關;app namespace改后,'detail'改為'polls:detail';

url反解析:

正解析,url-->view;

反解析,view-->url;

>>> from django.shortcuts import reverse

>>> reverse('detail',kwargs={'question_id':1})

'/polls/1/'

另,reverse_lazy(),為解決循環(huán)依賴;

url命名空間:

app namespace和instance namespace:

通常使用app namespace;

若app有多個include,使用instance namespace;

app namespace:

mysite/polls/urls.py?? #方1,建議使用,在app_name/urls.py中定義

app_name = 'polls'

mysite/mysite/urls.py

url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls', app_name='polls')),?? #方2,在項目下定義mysite/mysite/urls.py

instance namespace:

instance級別,名稱不可以重復;

mysite/mysite/urls.py

url(r'^polls/', include('polls.urls', namespace='polls')),

form處理:

mysite/polls/templates/polls/detail.html

<h2>{{ question.question_text }}</h2>

{% if error_message %}

<P><strong>{{ error_message }}</strong></P>

{% endif %}

<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}">

{% csrf_token %}

{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}

<input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}" />

<label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label><br />

{% endfor %}

<input type="submit" value="Vote" />

</form>

mysite/polls/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404, reverse

from django.http import HttpResponse, HttpResponseRedirect

from .models import Question, Choice

from django.template import loader

# from django.core.urlresolvers import reverse

# def index(request):

#???? latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]

#???? template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')

#???? context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}

#???? # output = ', '.join([q.question_text for q in latest_question_list])

#???? return HttpResponse(template.render(context))

def index(request):

latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:4]

context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}

return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)

def detail(request, question_id):

# try:

#???? question = Question.objects.get(id=question_id)

# except Question.DoesNotExist:

#???? return HttpResponse('Not Found', status=404)

question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)

return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})

def results(request, question_id):

question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)

return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})

def vote(request, question_id):

question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)

print(request)

if request.method == 'POST':

choice_id = request.POST.get('choice', 0)

try:

selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=choice_id)

except Choice.DoesNotExist:

return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {

?????'question': question, 'error_message': 'You did not select a choice',

})

else:

selected_choice.votes += 1

selected_choice.save()

return HttpResponseRedirect(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id,)))

mysite/polls/templates/polls/results.html

<h2>{{ question.question_text }}</h2>

<ul>

{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}

<li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote{{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>

{% endfor %}

</ul>

<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">Vote again?</a>

項目中使用:

pip install pymysql

pip install pillow?? #ImageField依賴

1、?數(shù)據(jù)庫使用mysql:

項目目錄的__init__.py中

import pymysql

pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()

DATABASES = {

'default': {

'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',

'NAME': 'mxonline',

'USER': 'mxonline',

'PASSWORD': '123456',

'HOST': '192.168.88.222',

'PORT': 3306

}

2、apps目錄下統(tǒng)一放app:

右鍵apps-->Mark directory as-->Source Root?? #解決編輯器查找,import時可在apps中找

import sys

sys.path.insert(0, os.path.join(BASE_DIR, 'apps'))?? #解決命令行環(huán)境查找

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