Linux網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)置相關(guān)命令

系統(tǒng)運維 Linux網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)置

查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)置

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測試網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接

使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置命令 修改網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置文件

? 本文主要介紹Linux中一些基礎(chǔ)常用的Linux網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)置命令與一些腳本文件配置步驟。

一、查看及測試網(wǎng)絡(luò)配置 1.ifconfig——查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口地址

格式：ifconfig [網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口名] [ip地址]（子網(wǎng)掩碼）

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 3556  bytes 232528 (227.0 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 104  bytes 16400 (16.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 56  bytes 6144 (6.0 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 56  bytes 6144 (6.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:71:37:09  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 3560  bytes 232768 (227.3 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 104  bytes 16400 (16.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
2.hostname ——查看主機(jī)名

格式：hostname

[root@lokott ~]# hostname
lokott
[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/hostname
lokott
[root@lokott ~]# echo local > /etc/hostname 
[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/hostname
local
[root@lokott ~]#需要重啟才可以設(shè)置成功，另一種方法是使用hostnamectl set-hostname 主機(jī)名^c
[root@lokott ~]#reboot
[root@local ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname lokott
[root@local ~]# su
[root@lokott ~]# 換為lokott了^c
3.route——查看路由條目

-n：數(shù)字顯示（centos6中，7中加不加幾乎一樣）

[root@lokott ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@lokott ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.68.2    0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
4.netstat——查看網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接情況

-n 序列號

-p 端口號

-a 所有服務(wù)端口

-r 顯示路由表信息

-l 顯示處于監(jiān)聽狀態(tài)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)連接及端口信息

-t tcp

-u udp

[root@lokott ~]# netstat -natp
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1/systemd           
tcp        0      0 192.168.122.1:53        0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1490/dnsmasq        
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      941/sshd            
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      939/cupsd           
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1186/master         
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN      1/systemd           
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      941/sshd            
tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                 :::*                    LISTEN      939/cupsd           
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN      1186/master         

[root@lokott ~]# netstat -nuap
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:18066           0.0.0.0:*                           3935/dhclient       
udp        0      0 192.168.122.1:53        0.0.0.0:*                           1490/dnsmasq        
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:67              0.0.0.0:*                           1490/dnsmasq        
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68              0.0.0.0:*                           3935/dhclient       
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5353            0.0.0.0:*                           553/avahi-daemon: r 
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:50467           0.0.0.0:*                           553/avahi-daemon: r 
udp6       0      0 :::61206                :::*                                3935/dhclient    

[root@lokott ~]# netstat -r       //與route一樣
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 virbr0
5.traceroute—— 測試從當(dāng)前主機(jī)到目標(biāo)主機(jī)之間經(jīng)過的網(wǎng)絡(luò)節(jié)點 
[root@lokott ~]# traceroute 127.0.0.1
traceroute to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  localhost (127.0.0.1)  0.030 ms  0.007 ms  0.035 ms
[root@lokott ~]# traceroute 192.168.10.11
traceroute to 192.168.10.11 (192.168.10.11), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  gateway (192.168.68.2)  0.154 ms  0.085 ms  0.087 ms
 2  * * *
 3  * * *
 4  * * *
 5  * * *
 6  * * *
 7  *^C
[root@lokott ~]#
6.nslookup—— 測試DNS域名解析 
[root@lokott ~]# nslookup www.taobao.com
Server:     192.168.68.2
Address:    192.168.68.2#53

Non-authoritative answer:
www.taobao.com  canonical name = www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com.
Name:   www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 111.3.79.235
Name:   www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 111.3.79.234
Name:   www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 211.138.124.238

補(bǔ)充：在Windows系統(tǒng)的dos界面也一樣適用

二、設(shè)置絡(luò)地址參數(shù)

1.臨時配置——調(diào)試網(wǎng)絡(luò)時使用

2.固定配置——更改配置文件，需要重啟network服務(wù)或重啟主機(jī)后才會生效，相當(dāng)于永久配置。

7.ifdown 和ifup 禁用、激活網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口 
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.155.55  //虛接口配置
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.155.55  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.155.255
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 down  
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.155.55
[root@lokott ~]# ifdown ens33:0 
用法：ifdown <設(shè)備名>
[root@lokott ~]# ifdown ens33 
成功斷開設(shè)備 \'ens33\'。
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 5048  bytes 329861 (322.1 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 490  bytes 46907 (45.8 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
[root@lokott ~]# ifup ens33 
連接已成功激活（D-Bus 活動路徑：/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6）
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 5082  bytes 332183 (324.3 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 514  bytes 50940 (49.7 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0
8.route添加、刪除靜態(tài)路由記錄 
[root@lokott ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@lokott ~]# route add -net 192.168.10.0/24 gw 192.168.122.1
[root@lokott ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.68.2    0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.10.0    192.168.122.1   255.255.255.0   UG    0      0        0 virbr0
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@lokott ~]# route del -net   192.168.10.0/24    //刪除路由記錄
[root@lokott ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.68.2    0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

[root@lokott ~]# route del default gw 192.168.68.2  //刪除默認(rèn)網(wǎng)關(guān)
[root@lokott ~]# route add default gw 192.168.68.2  //添加默認(rèn)網(wǎng)關(guān)
9.網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口配置文件 
[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
TYPE=Ethernet                     //類型為以太網(wǎng)
PROXY_METHOD=none                 
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=dhcp                      //動態(tài)獲取
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy      
NAME=ens33                        //網(wǎng)卡名字為ens33
UUID=5785d9d2-2603-4b14-bbfb-d95f6545e260
DEVICE=ens33                      //設(shè)置網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口名稱為ens33
ONBOOT=yes                        //設(shè)置網(wǎng)絡(luò)接口在Linux系統(tǒng)啟動時激活
[root@lokott ~]#

當(dāng)然我們可以設(shè)置靜態(tài)ip地址如下（務(wù)必重啟網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)）：

[root@lokott ~]# vim  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
TYPE=Ethernet
PROXY_METHOD=none
BROWSER_ONLY=no
BOOTPROTO=static
DEFROUTE=yes
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6INIT=yes
IPV6_AUTOCONF=yes
IPV6_DEFROUTE=yes
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL=no
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE=stable-privacy
NAME=ens33
UUID=5785d9d2-2603-4b14-bbfb-d95f6545e260
DEVICE=ens33
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=192.168.68.130
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
GATEWAY=192.168.68.2
[root@lokott ~]# systemctl restart network
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 5803  bytes 377581 (368.7 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 552  bytes 55914 (54.6 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 168  bytes 16496 (16.1 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 168  bytes 16496 (16.1 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:71:37:09  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@lokott ~]#
10.域名解析配置文件

1）指定為本機(jī)提供DNS解析的服務(wù)器地址信息


[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# Generated by NetworkManager
search localdomain
nameserver 192.168.68.2
[root@lokott ~]#

2）本地主機(jī)映射文件

[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

? 一般可以將經(jīng)常需要訪問的主機(jī)信息存放在這里，根據(jù)這里的映射表可以查找是否有與之對應(yīng)的記錄，沒有再去DNS服務(wù)器查詢，從而提高上網(wǎng)速度。但如果錯誤添加就會出現(xiàn)異常。

標(biāo)題名稱：Linux網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)之網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)置相關(guān)命令
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